Optimizing Hybrid Power Systems for Sustainable Operation of Telecommunication Infrastructure
Abstract
The optimal system model comprising wind/photovoltaic hybrid power system with battery storage is designed by employing the energy-equilibrium strategy. The problem objective considered is in terms of cost but the energy system is constrained to reliably meet the power demand. Evaluation of the optimum sizing, cost and operation of the power system was carried out, utilizing 22-year meteorological datasets for a case study site (latitude 11°50.9′N and longitude 13°9.6′E) in Nigeria. The optimum design size comprising 1 kW wind turbine, 2.55 kW photovoltaic array, with 19.36 kWh battery storage system can reliably power the fourth-generation cellular site under study in a sustainable pathway at an energy cost saving of 94.4 %. This will enhance African cities’ decarbonization agenda by switching from conventional fossil fuel to a carbon-neutral energy system to benefit the immediate operational environment and the city at large.
Downloads
References
M. S. Okundamiya, “Size optimization of a hybrid photovoltaic/fuel cell grid connected power system including hydrogen storage,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 59, pp. 30539-30546, 2021.
An African Energy Industry Report, “Market Intelligence Report 2018,” ISPY publishing limited, pp. 1- 8, May 2018.
International Energy Agency “World-energy-outlook-2020,” World Energy Outlook. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2020 [Jan. 23, 2021].
M. S. Okundamiya, “Modelling and optimization of a hybrid energy system for GSM base transceiver station sites in emerging cities,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Benin, Nigeria, 2015.
C. Ghenai, M. Bettayeb, “Modelling and performance analysis of a stand-alone hybrid solar PV/fuel cell/diesel generator power system for university building,” Energy, vol. 171, pp. 180-189, 2019.
C. Sun, S. Leto, “A novel joint bidding technique for fuel cell wind turbine photovoltaic storage unit and demand response considering prediction models analysis effect’s,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, pp. 6823-6837, 2020.
M. S. Okundamiya, J. O. Emagbetere, E. A. Ogujor, “Design and control strategy for a hybrid green energy system for mobile telecommunication sites,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 257, pp. 335-343, 2014.
S. Tang, H. Honga, J. Sunc, W. Qu, “Efficient path of distributed solar energy system synergetically combining photovoltaics with solar-syngas fuel cell,” Energy Conversion Management, vol. 173, pp. 704–714, 2018.
A. Bukar, C. W. Tan, “A review on stand-alone photovoltaic-wind energy system with fuel cell: System optimization and energy management strategy,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 221, pp. 73-88, 2019.
M. S. Okundamiya, O. Omorogiuwa, “Analysis of an isolated micro-grid for Nigerian terrain,” 59th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits & System Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2016.
IRENA, Global Energy Transformation: A roadmap to 2050, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2018.
IRENA, Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2021.
M. S. Okundamiya, V. O. A. Akpaida, B. E. Omatahunde, “Optimization of a hybrid energy system for reliable operation of automated teller machines,” Journal of Emerging Trends Engineering & Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 8, pp.153-158, 2014.
M. S. Okundamiya, J. O. Emagbetere, E. A. Ogujor, “Modelling and optimum capacity allocation of micro-grids considering economy and reliability,” Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 55-61, 2017.
M. S. Okundamiya, A. N Nzeako, “Energy storage models for optimizing renewable power applications,” Journal of Electrical Power Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 54-65, 2010.
Nigerian Communications Commission, Retrieved https://www.ncc.gov.ng/statistics-reports/subscriber-data [Aug. 4, 2020].
M. Yan, C. A. Chan, A. F. Gygax, J. Yan, L. Campbell, A. Nirmalathas, and C. Leckie, “Modelling the total energy consumption of mobile network services and applications,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 184, 2019, doi:10.3390/en12010184
GSMA, Network Experience Evolution to 5G, United Kingdom: GSMA Intelligence, www.gsma.com
Programmersought, The history of the base station, NR 1G-5G base station introduction, https://www.programmersought.com/article/18414157411/ [Jan. 22, 2021]
C. Gabriel, “What are key considerations for 5G sites?” Analysys Mason Limited, September 2019
I. Chih-Lin, H. Shuangfeng and B. Sen, “Energy-efficient 5G for a greener future,” Nature Electronics, vol. 3, pp. 182–184, 2020.
M. S. Okundamiya, O. Omorogiuwa, “Viability of a photovoltaic diesel battery hybrid power system in Nigeria,” Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 5-12, 2015.
A. Kusiak, Z. Song, “Design of wind farm layout for maximum wind energy capture,” Renewable Energy, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 685–694, 2010.
M. S. Okundamiya, C. E. Ojieabu, “Optimum design, simulation and performance analysis of a micro-power system for electricity supply to remote sites,” Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science, vol. 12, pp. 6 – 12, 2017.
M. S. Okundamiya, “Power electronics for grid integration of wind power generation system,” Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science, vol. 9, pp. 10-16, 2016.
M. S. Okundamiya, A. N. Nzeako, “Model for optimal sizing of a wind energy conversion system for green-mobile applications,” International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 10, pp. 205–218, 2013.
R. Billinton and Y. Gao, "Multistate wind energy conversion system models for adequacy assessment of generating systems incorporating wind energy," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 163-170, 2008.
https://www.windpowercn.com/products/31.html
M. S. Okundamiya. "Integration of photovoltaic and hydrogen fuel cell system for sustainable energy harvesting of a university ICT infrastructure with an irregular electric grid", Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 250, no. 114928, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114928
O. Krishan, S. Suhag, “Grid-independent PV system hybridization with fuel cell-battery/ super capacitor: Optimum sizing and comparative techno-economic analysis,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 37, no. 100625, 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2019.100625
L. Olatomiwa, S. Mekhilef, A. S. N. Huda, K. Sanusi, “Techno-economic analysis of hybrid PV-diesel-battery and PV-wind-diesel-battery power systems for mobile BTS: the way forward for rural development,” Energy Sci Eng, vol. 3, pp. 271–85, 2015.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) database, Monthly averages for global horizontal radiation over 22-year period (from July 1983 – June 2005), available online http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/; (accessed on January 31, 2021).
Macrotrends, Nigeria Inflation Rate 1960-2021 (Online),
https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NGA/nigeria/inflation-rate-cpi, Retrieved 2021-09-01
Copyright (c) 2021 M. S. Okundamiya , S. T. Wara , E. Esekhaigbe

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.